The Fire Felt Around the World:
The Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Fire
Info 285-02
Thesis
My research topic explores the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral as a historically significant site and the 2019 fire that destroyed a portion of the cathedral’s roof and iconic spire. My research aims to understand how and why the fire started, any repercussions from the fire, and what sort of preservation and recovery methods are being used. I also aim to tell a deeper story of the Notre Dame de Paris fire, the relics inside, the recovery workers, and all preservation efforts to restore the gothic cathedral.
In addition, I hope to better understand how recovery has improved due to technological advancements. With numerous cathedrals across Europe, nothing could be more important than updates in protocols, site materials, and disaster preparedness. Through my research, I hope to find that advancements have been made while keeping the integrity of the cathedrals and historical sites in mind. I also hope to uncover more information regarding the 2019 Notre Dame de Paris fire, first-hand accounts, and the fires aftereffects. From completed research, I can note that the Notre Dame de Paris fire was likely caused by faulty wiring of the bell tower and sparks from restoration workers' machines. With such delicate and ancient materials, it must be difficult to both preserve a buildings history and protect it. A formal investigation is still in process and the cause has not been submitted as of yet. However, the probability of avoiding the fire would have increased if the bell tower wires had been replaced on schedule. I hope that other institutions can learn and have learned from mistakes like these.
Discussion of methodology and sources
I chose to use qualitative research to uncover the events of the Notre Dame de Paris fire and its aftermath. I found that first-hand accounts were excellent sources to understand the events as they unfolded and to witness the reactions of bistanders. News sources were also a great asset for the 2019 fire, as it can been deemed a modern calamity, with coverage spanning the globe and the story making international headlines. I found it interesting to see the worldwide coverage and yearly reports surrounding the restortion. For information regarding the cathedral’s historical significance, I combed through primary and (mainly) secondary sources and uncovered wonderful articles surrounding the cathedral’s architecture and acoustics. When I started to look into the fire, I found that other institutions had suffered similar fates in the past. One reference resource I chose is Historic Cities in the Face of Disasters: Reconstruction, Recovery, and Resilience of Societies by Arefian; Ryser; Hopkins, and Mackee. I found this reference through the SJSU King Library, using Onesearch. Each section covers different types of disasters and recovery efforts. For greater detail on the preservation and restoration efforts I turned to Friends of Notre Dame de Paris who are personally involved in fundraising for the cathedral and providing information. The Friends of Notre Dame de Paris have a detailed website with monthly updates on the cathedral’s progress, with one great aspect of the site being that they offer updates on each item inside and outside of the cathedral. Through this group anyone and everyone can donate and can even adopt a gargoyle to help restore. This is such a smart way to get more people and communities involved in Notre Dame de Paris.
Overview of the topic and its significance
The Notre Dame de Paris cathedral or Our Lady of Paris, has long been a staple of European and french history dating back to its construction in 1160. Through wars, recostructions, additions and corronations, this cathedral truely cemented its place in history following Victor Hugo’s 1831 work The Hunchback of Notre Dame. His novel was such a success that it turned the cathedral into a national icon, where it is now one of the most famous gothic cathedrals in the world. With Notre Dame de Paris’ towering gothic arches and ancient stone gargoyles protecting the grounds, it is no wonder that the shocking fire in 2019 would make international headlines. Thankfully, the modernity of this disaster enabled the public to have regular updates and first-hand accounts of the fire and its aftermath. The following are first hand reports and news articles from the day of the fire.
Late in the day on April 15th, 2019, a fire broke out beneath the roof of the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, France. The New York Times reported, “within moments, tiny bits of white smoke started rising from the spire — which, at 295 feet, was the highest part of the cathedral” (Nossiter & Breeden, 2019). The cathedral had been undergoing much-needed renovations, which unfortunately left hazardous substances in the open, including scaffolding and flammable materials. The fire sparked immediate headlines as the cathedral is an important French monument and tourist location, “tourists and residents alike came to a standstill, pulling out their phones to call their loved ones. Older Parisians began to cry, lamenting how their national treasure was quickly being lost” (Nossiter & Breeden, 2019). The cause of the fire is still up for speculation but now, years later, an inquiry into the fire has found that the cause may have been six electronic bells that were hung throughout the spire and roof. The cathedral's clergy had insisted on having bells chime, even during renovations, which went against safety regulations. Three medium-sized bells were put up in 2007 and three more in 2021. The temporary bells may have short-circuited, igniting the spire and roof. Investigators initially thought that sparks or heat must have come from the worker's tools and/or cigarettes, however after interviews with the Le Bras frere, the company that had been working on the spire, “confirmed that there was no heat source in the spire or the roof” (Thompson, 2021). Stating that “nothing, no welding, no cutting, no grinding; I am positive” occurred, (Thompson, 2021). Efforts to combat the flames included using deluge guns at low pressure not to cause further damage to the cathedral. The integrity of the Notre Dame cathedral was at the forefront of staff and firefighters’ minds, even while fighting an increasingly dangerous blaze, leading responders not to use helicopters or aerial water-dropping because it could cause structural damage. With about 500 firefighters and numerous public servants working quickly and tirelessly the flames were under control by 11:00 pm but the cathedral was left with torched wood and a significant hole in its center. The lack of fire safety protocols contributed to the blaze getting out of control. An article from the website Jensen Hughes notes that “the most critical mistake was failing to quickly identify the location of the fire” (2019). With guards being sent to the wrong building, delayed response time by 30 minutes. Additionally, France24 reported that the fire warning system was not operating properly and the cathedral lacked basic fire safety protection, “such as firewalls or a sprinkler system, which had been omitted in part for aesthetic reasons” (2019).
Damage to the Notre Dame cathedral was concentrated in the center of the structure, affecting the spire, transept roof with ribbed vaulting, and high alter. The spire, which is also known as la fléche or arrow, was destroyed in the blaze. In a bit of luck, the 16 copper statues that normally surround the spire, had been removed 4 days prior for restoration. Rescuers were worried about the fire reaching the rose window but fortunately, the stained glass was spared. “Mr. Gallet, the fire chief, said firefighters were still rescuing artworks in the building, hours after the fire had started. The main risk, he said, was the smoke within the cathedral, and the fall of materials, including melting lead.” With not only the cathedral itself at risk but “also to the gargoyles that cover its walls and to the stained glass, particularly its “rose” windows,” (Nossiter & Breeden, 2019). First responders were able to rescue most artwork and relics including a linen fabric associated with Saint Louis, the Holy Crown of Thorns, and the cathedral's treasury. These relics were taken to Paris City Hall for safekeeping. In Smithsonian Magazine, Katz (2019), noted that four large 17th and 18th-century paintings depicting the apostles were partially damaged and a fragment of the Crown of Thorns and relics from two saints have been destroyed. The paintings will be taken to the Louvre to be “treated and restored” (Marshall et al, 2019). Lead filling the air and covering surfaces was a major issue for workers helping during and after the fire. So much so that scientists were tasked with examining lead contamination at the cathedral. A study from the International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health found that “the fire at Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, resulted in moderate lead contamination among firefighters.” With group and individual protection contributing to the lower contamination level. “Nevertheless, an effort could be made to improve the working conditions by rethinking the respiratory protection” (Allonneau et al, 2021).
All restoration plans go through an advisory council with the National Commission for Heritage and Architecture making approvals. The Friends of Notre Dame de Paris have been working with “the Archdiocese of Paris, the Foundation Notre-Dame in France, and with the Public Agency in charge of the preservation and the restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris” (Friends of Notre Dame de Paris, 2021).By November and December, two projects were completed: removing all burned scaffolding and the Grand Organ was dismantled and removed. The Friends of Notre-Dame de Paris (2019) stated that “the Grand Organ’s pipes will now be taken for repair and extensive cleaning to remove lead dust that settled in the aftermath of the fire. The restoration work, organ reassembly, and tuning are projected to finish by April 2024”. With the interior of the cathedral cleared out of damaged scaffolding, new supports can be built to help protect the vault walls and provide much-needed support during restoration. Oak trees have already been selected and harvested for the spire and the section of the burnt transept roof. The iconic spire will be rebuilt, identical to the one designed in the 19th century by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Currently, the cathedral’s interior is being given a thorough cleaning. Friends of Notre Dame de Paris (2019) stated that “a thin layer of lead dust coated the cathedral’s interior in the aftermath of the fire.” Removing the lead dust is important for the worker's safety and to help conserve the integrity of the architectural elements. This painstaking work is done from the top of the interior walls to the bottom with tiny soft-bristled brushes. The dust is then vacuumed up using backpacks that the cleaners wear. “It is a meticulous and time-consuming process that requires the expertise of teams of stonemasons, sculpture and fine art restorers, locksmiths, ironworkers, and carpenters. This is also the first time that Notre-Dame Cathedral has been deep cleaned in this way!” (Friends of Notre Dame de Paris, 2022). Latest updates from an AFAR article on the reconstruction of the cathedral note that the new spire will be constructed out of lead. This brought up concerns, “from both health and environmental groups after the 2019 fire released potentially toxic lead particles into the neighborhood surrounding the cathedral, prompting a lengthy cleanup effort. The spire is slated to be completed by the end of 2023, according to the Agence France-Presse” (Matthews, 2023)
During a 2022 visit to the cathedral former Ohio fire marshall, Chief Robert R. Rielage, noted that “the classic appearance of Notre Dame is only recognizable from the front of the cathedral where the valiant efforts of the Paris pompiers saved the massive 300-foot twin towers from collapse.” Rielage also mentions that scaffolding covers most of the site, along with modular containers, “that serve as offices for various contractors, plus dormitories for some of the construction workers” (2022). During Rielage’s trip, he visited a few other cathedrals and found that they had been given recent upgrades. In the Cathedral of Saint Maria and Saint Stephen in Speyer, Germany, broken steps had been replaced with metal instead of wood. He found that many other church towers had been retrofitted with smoke detectors and other fire safety features as well.
As of April 2023, a lot of progress has been made on the cathedral. CBS News, with Bill Whitker, aired a comprehensive interview with Philippe Villeneuve, General Jean-Louis Georgelin and Agnes Poirier who are working to restore the famous landmark. According to them the iconic spire will still be rebuilt to its previous specifications and while the trees have been cut, the spire has not been completed. They did, however, find the large copper rooster that sat atop of the 200ft spire. Villeneuve discovered it on the lower roof, “a bit mangled, but miraculously, untouched by the flames.” The decided to leave the rooster as it was found and will be put on display at the cathedral once it opens. The great rose windows have been meticulously cleaned and “restorers are carefully wiping every surface with small cotton swabs dipped in a water-based cleaning solution.” They are in agreement that the cathedral will be reconstructed “exactly as it had been,” using wood, stone and lead (CBS, 2023). General Jean-Louis Georgelin also noted that there is still a lot of work to do and still need donations to further their progress.
The 2019 fire at the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral damaged both the historical cathedral and the spirit of Parisians. President Emmanuel Macron publicly stated, “the worst has been avoided even though the battle is not completely won,” (Nossiter & Breeden, 2019). While President Macron vowed that the cathedral will be rebuilt and gave a 5-year restoration deadline, it feels as though Notre Dame de Paris will take much longer to reconstruct.
Literature Review
The following resources explore the cathedral’s historical significance and environmental impact after the 2019 fire.
In Historic Cities in the Face of Disasters: Reconstruction, Recovery, and Resilience of Societies by Arefian; Ryser; Hopkins, and Mackee bring up the importance of defining what heritage is and how it can often be more than just a physical object. This concept stood out to me as the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral is both a historical site and a huge part of the community's cultural heritage. When the fire destroyed the bell towers, the community was devastated. This building is more than gothic architecture, it is their place of worship. This resource noticed that what gives heritage meaning is the past. This is true for all historical buildings and sites, as their unique past gives them life and substance. This resource also notes that most reconstruction focuses on the materials and parts, instead of the cultural significance. During the reconstruction planning of Notre Dame, President Macron wanted to modernize the cathedral with flashy technology. This idea was immediately met with backlash from the public and clergy. Using this resource, we can understand how important it is for reconstruction to follow the original plans. Arefian et al. use their writing to explain the impact of heritage sites and while modernization might sometimes be inevitable, the charm remains in the past.
One of the biggest draws to the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral is the acoustics made within its walls. Due to how the cathedral was constructed, the structure delivers haunting echos and amplified choir and organ music. Unfortunately, the 2019 fire damaged the cathedral ceilings and its acoustics. In an Acoustic Survey of the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris before and after the Fire of 2019, Katz and Weber explore the specific reverberations recorded at the cathedral over the years. They note that data collected in 2015 was compared to data taken in 2020, after the fire. The reverberations were greatly decreased, at about 20 percent. Hopefully, once the cathedral has been fully restored, its acoustics will be as well. This resource article is written to explore the data collected at the cathedral and to share their findings with the public and reconstruction workers. It is important to them that the structure is reconstructed with acoustics in mind. This was one of the only recourses I found that dove into the data of acoustic reverberations. In my research, I found many articles on the cathedral acoustics in general but not as they related to before and after the fire.
In Ramzy’s Concept cathedral and “squaring the circle,” they explore the monument as a standing hymn to God. Using Semiotics, or the study of signs, they note how the cathedral itself is built in such a way that the angles create a sort of language and hold symbolic meaning. The pointed arches reach upwards toward heaven and the two twin towers represent the sun and moon, along with 2 representing revelation. Even the rose windows work with the squaring the circle notion due to their geometric shape and the images depicted. The cathedral is indeed a standing display of faith and devotion. The author’s point of view is both a fascination with symbolism and the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral itself. I found this resource very interesting and am happy that architects took so much care designing every aspect of the cathedral. The impact of architecture and cathedrals in France is further studied by Vondráčková and Němec in Characteristics of Gothic Cathedrals in France and their Structural Elements. I chose to include this reference because I appreciated how gothic architecture is explained in an easy-to-understand way and that this was a topic at a 2016 engineering-architecture & urban planning symposium. The authors also chose three cathedrals that they thought would exemplify their work and focused on their architecture and importance. This source has an impressive 23 references but I feel like they could have benefitted from including a source like Ramzy’s Concept cathedral (which was published in 2021). Looking into symbolism, even briefly, would have been a great angle to cover.
One possible silver lining from the burning of the cathedral was the new possibility of excavating the grounds. In A Geophysical Survey in Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral: Revealing the Buried Past After the Disaster authors analyze excavation and geophysical surveys conducted at the cathedral. These surveys revealed previous construction efforts and human remains buried on the property. Being able to add this information to the history of the Notre Dame cathedral helps to build upon its long history and status as a heritage site. I appreciated that this resource cites First in situ tests of a new electrostatic resistivity meter by Flageul S., Dabas M., Thiesson J., Rejiba F., Tabbagh, A., as an explanation of the machinery used at the cathedral. This not only helps to explain how the soil was measured but gives the authors more credibility.
In Ferreira’s Notre Dame Cathedral: another case in a growing list of heritage landmarks destroyed by fire, they explore the idea that the Notre Dame cathedral is not alone in its destruction. Many heritage buildings and sites have been ravaged by flames over the years, due to their wood materials and lack of safety precautions. Ferreira supposes that most fires happen during construction or restoration. News sources initially blamed the Notre Dame fire on construction crews and cigarette use, however, that was later proven false. It does seem that the fire was caused by faulty wiring of the bell tower and sparks from restoration workers' machines. This resource aims to alert the public about fire risks and hopefully how to avoid them. It is shocking how many heritage buildings have been destroyed because they have not had safety updates.
An article by Damien Deldicque and Jean-Noël Rouzaud titled, Temperatures reached by the roof structure of Notre-Dame de Paris in the fire of April 15th 2019 determined by Raman paleothermometry cover the use of advanced technology, Raman paleothermometry measurements, to accurately record just how hot the fire in the cathedral was. This method uses the charcoals of the extinguished fire to record data. The maximum temperature reached was at the cathedral crossing, at 1212 ± 79 °C. Authors insist that understanding how each material, (lead, limestone, and wood) reacted under intense heat will also help with restoration. This article’s focus is determining the temperatures in specific areas of the cathedral and relaying the information, hopefully to restoration workers. The goal is to prevent such high temperatures by using different materials.
One important aspect that was taken into account during and after the fire, is the exposure to lead from remnants of the cathedral. While the roof burned lead filled the air and covered every surface. Allonneu et al, noted in Lead contamination among the Paris Fire Brigade firefighters who fought the Notre Dame Cathedral fire in Paris, that workers had minimal exposure. Fortunately, advancements in personal protective equipment helped minimize the effects of the melted lead. The point of view of this article is to study the lead levels in rescue workers and report those findings. While searching for articles, I did find a few regarding the cathedral and lead, however, this one stood out as involving the workers specifically. An article called Fallout of lead over Paris from the 2019 Notre-Dame cathedral fire, had a similar point of view but focused on the environment and public. They studied the effects of lead on the land, 1 km outside of the cathedral. Key findings showed that the surface soil concentrations were about 200mg/kg higher downwind of the fire and human exposure was less than in previous decades, where leaded gasoline was used, but they would need to do more research. Additionally, lead levels seemed to dissipate by half after a year. I found both articles to be interesting and valuable in my research. I like that each covers a different aspect of lead exposure.
An article by Kosowski and Luzar titled Social media as a source of information and misinformation on the example of the Notre Dame fire, looks at the information and news coverage at the time of the fire and its validity. With youtube and Facebook being the highest-trafficked sites for news, it is both good and bad. We can have updated coverage and personal stories, however, the possibility of fake news being leaked and links to fraudulent charity websites can be problematic. They point out that such widespread coverage will only increase over the years and we need to study its impacts.
Demonstration of research skills addressed in the course
Throughout our course, I have gained useful research skills that have aided my research into the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral fire and its aftermath. I determined that qualitative research would benefit me more than quantitative research. I also checked the references of my sources and thought about the validity of information I was given. I put myself in the shoes of the Paresians and tried to remain unbiased. When searching for historical information on online databases, I used Presnell’s (2018) criteria for general websites: Authority, audience, accuracy and content, currency, navigibility and structure. I wanted to make sure that I was using the best possible information for my research. For example, when examining Artstor for Notre Dame de Paris collections, I found that this site followed Presnells criteria. Artstor’s images have been rights-cleared for education and research purposes, each image has in-depth metadata and are accessible through an affiliated institution. The target audience is mainly researchers and students and the collections are consistently updated and growing with technology. Artstor is aesthetically pleasing and it is easy to find each section, including a large list of LibGuides. I enjoyed learning more about what they offer! Searching the database is easy and produced a lot of content.
Researching online through archival sites provided lovely visuals of the cathedral’s architecture. Internet Archive (including the Wayback Machine), in particular yielded a high number of collection items related to the cathedral. My thesis is based around the Notre Dame 2019 fire, but also about what makes the cathedral such a spectacular heritage site. A few of my references include details on the architecture and importance of the site as a whole. I wanted to find something that would echo that within Internet Archive. The document I discovered is Plan for the Renovation of a Chapel in the Nave of the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris (seen below). This document is a watercolor and ink image from 1843 depicting three chapel arches. I love that I was able to find such a dynamic and special image. During my search, I found numerous technical drawings of the cathedral, but this one really stood out. The image not only depicts the arches, but the stained glass and paintings that will cover them. The illustrator took so much time and care into creating this image. These gothic arches helped to stamp this cathedral into our minds as the perfect example of historic excellence and demonstrate the importance of its architecture and how every piece needs to be unique and beautiful!
Conclusion
The 2019 Notre Dame de Paris cathedral fire was a historic moment that will live heavy in the hearts of Parisians, serving as a reminder of how important heritage sites, community and traditions are. The Cathedral spoke to and for its followers. Bringing them faith, security and reverbirations of hauntingly beautiful hymns. With almost a billion dollars raised after the fire, there is no doubt that the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral is an important heritage site for Parisians and for people from all over the world. The 2019 fire also serves as a reminder that even beloved historical monuments should be preserved and upgraded with additional safety measures. The Notre Dame de Paris cathedral is set to be reconstructed using original plans and materials, yet safety and longevity are at the forefront of everyones minds. Will the cathedral be safe? It is unclear, still, what new safety measures will be added to the cathedral. With so much importance being put on traditional asthetics, it doesn’t seem like smoke detectors and fire extinguishers will be at the top of the construction list. One bright spot in the fires aftermath are the shining preservationists handling the cathedrals artifacts. Throughout clean-up, the knowledge of skilled professionsals are being used to uphold the values of the cathedral and safely restore Notre Dame to its prior state of gothic glory. Every aspect of the cathedral is being worked on, from the stone walls and rose windows to the grand organ and statues. We can really see the love that each person involved has for the cathedral and the meticulous timeconsuming work being done. Despire the cause behind the cleaning, each artifact is getting the attention it so desperately needs.
Our Lady of Paris will always stand as a cultural icon, bringing people together through faith and heritage. The 2019 fire broke the hearts of Parisians, yet it instilled a sense of purpose and determination within them. Philippe Villeneuve told CBS news, “I've said that the little boy who was in love with the cathedral, and the architect who was in charge of it died that day, and another man took over, and said 'I have to save the cathedral. It's my mission. It's my duty’ (2023).” Rebuilding the grand Notre Dame de Paris cathedral will not be easy but it will be a labor of love. It was a pleasure learning more about Notre Dame de Paris’ history and its bright future. Hopefully, we will hear bells ringing from its towers in the near future.
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